Saint-Gobain’s sustainable construction magazine APRIL 2024 the key to sustainable
Saint-Gobain’s sustainable construction magazine the key to sustainable
1. #DECARBONIZATION ACTING TOGETHER FOR A ZERO-CARBON WORLD P. 14 2. #RENOVATION TAKING UP THE RENOVATION CHALLENGE P. 34 3. #CIRCULARITY RESOURCE PRESERVATION: A SHARED NECESSITY P. 46 4. #URBANIZATION CO-BUILDING AN ATTRACTIVE URBAN FUTURE P. 54 5. #QUALITY OF LIFE PUTTING PEOPLE FIRST P. 68 6. #POLITICS & ECONOMICS HARMONIZING THE RULES OF THE GAME P. 78
05 INTRoDUCTION Developing more attractive and more resilient cities, reducing consumption of energy and natural resources, and ensuring accessible, comfortable, and decent housing for all… To meet these planet-wide challenges, the construction sector must transform itself. In 2023, determined to play a key role in this transition, Saint Gobain launched the Sustainable Construction Observatory. Its aim is to listen, inform, and unite all stakeholders in a still-fragmented worldwide market, promote the sharing of best practice on an international scale, and work together to find solutions for accelerating change in the sector. The digital magazine Constructing a sustainable future is one of the Observatory’s central components. It demystifies the issues around more sustainable construction and its impact on climate and society, explores innovative solutions and inspiring projects, and gives a voice to everyone engaged in this transition. We are convinced of the need to join forces to accelerate thismovement, and so we dedicate this special edition to this essential spirit of cooperation. Get all our articles, interviews, and podcasts in Constructing a sustainable future and by subscribing to our newsletter. DISCOVER the online magazine Constructing a sustainable future
06 Although almost 9 out of 10 respondents claim to be familiar with the concept of sustainable construction, their understanding of it still seems limited to green construction, and less focused on the well-being of occupants. Environmental protection is perceived as the most important objective of sustainable construction, in every region around the world. Only 1 respondent in 10 links it to the health of inhabitants, even though its definition combines performance and sustainability: “throughout its life cycle, sustainable construction contributes positively to people’s health and well-being, has a reduced environmental footprint, and delivers superior economic value and quality.” SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION, A CONCEPT MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENVIRONMENT What do you think should be the main goal of sustainable construction? DISCOVER the full results of the 2024 Sustainable Construction Barometer (1) The Sustainable Construction Barometer 2024 took place between December 11, 2023 and January 31, 2024, with a sample of 1,760 respondents aged 18 and over, from 22 countries: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czechia, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vietnam. Environmental protection 35% (+3)(1) The fight against climate change 23% (–4)(1) Energy savings 16% (–4)(1) Reduced costs over the lifecycle of the building 11% New Occupant health 10% (–1)(1) The resistance of buildings to climate hazards 5% New Base: all respondents – One answer allowed Each year, the Sustainable Construction Observatory produces a Worldwide Barometer to take the pulse of sustainable construction in the real world: perceptions, barriers and progress levers, anticipated solutions, the most active stakeholders, and so on. It allows us to measure progress and identify action areas in which to focus our collective efforts. The 2nd edition of this international survey was conducted by the CSA Institute(1). Discover the key findings. BAROMETER (1) Evolution calculated on the basis of the 9 countries common to the two survey editions (2023 and 2024)
07 • One in three respondents consider raising public awareness to be a priority for accelerating sustainable construction, particularly in Africa and Asia. • Energy renovation appears to be a priority in countries with a well-developed and established housing stock, such as France (39%), the United States (37%) and Germany (34%). • The role of public initiatives (standards, aid and regulations), though fundamental, remains underestimated by those working in the field. There are interesting regional differences: Europeans are more inclined to request public assistance for private individuals. In North and Central America, the demand for regulation is stronger. 3 PRIORITIES IDENTIFIED BY INDUSTRY PLAYERS: RAISE AWARENESS, ACT ON COST PERCEPTION AND INCREASE COLLABORATION In your opinion, which of the following actions should be put in place as a priority to accelerate the development of sustainable construction? Base: all respondents – Multiple, ranked answers allowed 14% Raise public awareness of the challenges of sustainable construction 31% 11% Make sustainable materials, products and solutions more competitive 30% 10% Raise awareness among all stakeholders and strengthen their collaboration 26% 7% Train professionals more 21% 10% Renovate existing buildings 20% 7% Propose new innovative solutions 20% 7% Favour biomaterials 20% 6% Make the sustainable performance of constructions more visible and transparent 19% 7% Establish regulations to help increase energy renovations 19% 7% Move towards more regulation 15% 4% Increase public aid for individuals 13% 3% Increase public aid for professionals 10% 2% Simplify the role of labels and certification 7% Item only listed in Europe First Total
08 More and more professionals (62%, +3 points compared with the 2023 Barometer, at constant scope) are considering their suppliers' commitment to sustainable construction as a factor in their selection. This is a strong indication of their willingness to become more committed to this type of project. Other results from the 2024 Barometer are significant: • 85% of professionals surveyed say some or all of their activity is in sustainable construction, and 92% expect this to be the case in the next five years. • 51% say they have already benefited from sustainable construction training. This is up six points compared with the 2023 Barometer (at constant scope). • Students in the sector say they are better informed and better trained now. Their feeling of being informed and having access to training shows an increase of 12 points compared with the 2023 Barometer (at constant scope). BETTER TRAINED, MORE COMMITTED… PLAYERS' PRACTICES ARE CHANGING Is the commitment of your suppliers and partners to sustainable construction a selection criterion for you? 31% 28% 87% 10% Yes, definitely No, not really Yes, somewhat No, not at all 31% Total No: 38% 62 BAROMETER Base: all respondents – One answer allowed (+3)(1) (1) Evolution calculated on the basis of the 9 countries common to the two survey editions (2023 and 2024)
09 For every item studied, the results reveal geographical particularities. On the question of which players are perceived as the most legitimate for advancing sustainable construction: architects and building engineers top the list of players most often mentioned with 29% of responses as first intention, closely followed by elected officials (21%) and public institutions (20%). But there are clear differences between countries: • In Europe, public institutions come second (with 24% of responses judging them “first”). • Whereas in Canada, the United Kingdom and Vietnam, elected officials come out well ahead (respectively 59%, 67% and 68% of total responses), even before building design professionals. • On the other hand, in the United States and South America, the role played by private companies seems far more important (respectively 47% and 56% of total responses, i.e. +6 and +15 points compared to the whole sample). AN IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION THAT NEEDS TO ADAPT TO LOCAL REALITIES Which of the following do you think are the most legitimate to advance sustainable construction? First? Architects and building engineers 29% Elected officials(2) 21% Public institutions 20% Private companies in the construction sector 17% Citizens 7% Associations 4% Tradespeople 2% Base: all respondents – Multiple, ranked answers allowed (2) “Government officials” listed for United Arab Emirates respondents
11 IRÈNE SKOULA Director of the Energy and Buildings Programme at C40 How can sustainable construction help accelerate the energy transition of cities? I.S.: Cities are responsible for around two-thirds of energy consumption, and building construction is responsible for the lion’s share. So sustainable construction is key to the energy transition – principles like vernacular architecture, low carbon materials, highly efficient fossil-free buildings, and zero emission construction machinery. People need to be at the center of a clean and just energy transition, and we know that urban clean energy action can drive employment as well. Data shows that investments in residential retrofits and solar PV will generate six times as many jobs as investments in fossil gas. How does the C40 network facilitate cooperation between cities regarding sustainable construction? I.S.: It’s the core of our mission to bring cities together. Our Clean Construction programme supports more than 40 cities around the globe, working with partners and stakeholders to drive the transition towards decarbonized, resource-efficient, resilient, and just built environments. One key thing we do is raise awareness about the “invisible” impact of the built environment – embodied emissions, resource depletion, air and noise pollution, soil pollution – when sustainable construction principles are not taken into account. We bring cities together and talk to our peers in a trusted environment. We foster leadership with political commitments called “accelerators”, such as our Net Zero Carbon Buildings Accelerator that sets concrete pathways for net zero carbon new buildings by 2030 and all buildings by 2050, and our Clean Construction Accelerator, which is our commitment to shift the global construction industry towards a more sustainable future. We focus on getting our mayors into the game and showing the world they are doers, not delayers. The transition to sustainable construction requires an industry-wide effort – a complex exercise in a sector where the global value chain is particularly fragmented. Irène Skoula heads the Energy and Buildings Programme at C40 Cities, an organization dedicated to bringing cities closer together to confront the climate crisis. In her view, cooperation is an essential component of a successful transition to sustainable building infrastructure. No single actor can achieve the scale and pace of this necessary transition alone.
12 Do you have examples of significant initiatives, in terms of collaboration between cities? I.S.: In September 2022, New York City introduced a clean construction executive order which aims to reduce the carbon footprint of the construction industry by 2033 – one of the best executive orders in the world. New York did this because it was inspired by other cities, notably Los Angeles and San Francisco. After talking to them, learning what they were doing, they adapted it to their own state framework. Other cities, like Rio de Janeiro, last year purchased power for municipal assets from renewables because they had seen other cities do it and were able to follow that approach. In Melbourne, retrofit programs are also inspired by other cities. How do you see the role of international collaboration amongst stakeholders in the transition towards sustainable construction practices? I.S.: The building infrastructure sector is complex, global, and fragmented. No single actor can achieve the scale and pace of the transition required. Stakeholder engagement is essential, including unions. We develop policies, while workers deliver change. They need to be at the table to ensure their rights and decent salaries, because we cannot do this without them. C40 is also a founding member of the BuildingToCOP coalition, an initiative that brings together leaders from the entire value chain, to put the built environment at the forefront of international climate dialogue. What are the most effective solutions to help cities transition to sustainable construction practices? I.S.: There’s no one solution, but there are principles that can be universally applied, like prioritizing existing assets and reusing materials at the end of their life cycle. We need to plan, build, and design for the future. You cannot build here in Greece and neglect rising temperatures “Collaboration is key. Using an exclusive approach for industry, workers, and the community can help deliver the sustainable construction we all want.”
13 – we get 45 °C in the summer, we need buildings that tolerate this heat. We must ensure safe construction sites and zero emission machinery. Cities can also lead by example. You cannot ask the private sector to take action if you’re not taking action yourself. You need to use public procurement powers to develop the right market and make space for innovative technologies to develop. What’s the best way to empower cities to adopt sustainable practices? I.S.: They need to be equipped with the right information to make sustainable decisions. It’s important to dispel misconceptions – for example, that fossil fuels are cheaper, more secure, job creating, and provide economic development. In construction, retrofits have bigger job potential than fossil fuel jobs, as well as health benefits, with improved indoor and outdoor air. Renewables are cheaper and less volatile in terms of price than fossil fuels. So a transition to a renewable energy system delivers economic gains, clean air, green jobs, and secure energy. We need to give this data to our political leaders and dispel the myths, or we can’t move forward with sustainable construction. How can cities work with industry to deliver net zero roadmaps while still meeting demand for increased housing, urban services, and infrastructure? I.S.: Collaboration is key. We need cities to join with industry to test solutions on municipal buildings before applying them to the private sector. Using an inclusive approach for industry, workers, and the community, this collaboration can help deliver the sustainable construction we all want.
Construction alone accounts for 37%(1) of worldwide CO2 emissions. To achieve the target of net zero carbon by 2050 will require a rapid and fundamental transformation of the sector. What role will architects, manufacturers, constructors, and politicians have to play in making low-emissions construction projects the norm and accelerating the cultural and material transformation of the sector’s ecosystem? Acting together for a zero carbon world
15 PART (1) Source: Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction, 2022, p. 42.
16 The race to decarbonize the construction sector means that priority must be given to the search for innovations and more sustainable alternatives, in terms of both materials and construction methods. Among them, “lightweight construction” is beginning to make its mark. Its growth in recent years has been even faster than that seen for so-called “conventional” construction. There is no doubt that it offers many advantages in meeting the economic and environmental challenges facing the sector. In contrast to conventional methods, which favor structures with load-bearing masonry walls (made of stone, concrete or brick), lightweight construction uses lighter load-bearing structures in the form of wooden, metal or concrete “skeletons,” to which nonload‑bearing facade and partition systems are attached. And that changes everything! It significantly reduces the consumption of natural resources and the building’s carbon footprint. Professionals see a dramatic reduction in construction time and an increase in productivity. Lastly, users benefit from greater comfort and flexibility when they take up occupancy. DIFFERENT REALITIES AROUND THEWORLD Lightweight construction varies greatly from one country to another, and this is its great strength. How and why it is adopted differs according to the availability and cost of materials, the level of training of professionals, the sustainability culture in the country and the market need for residential or non‑residential buildings. In some countries where it is still in the adoption phase, lightweight construction is gaining ground based on the economic advantages it brings to projects, in particular through reduced transport costs for materials, shorter construction times and SPoTLIGHT LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION takes off
17 the use of off‑site construction. It also increases the market value of buildings by optimizing their energy efficiency and helping to limit maintenance costs. In countries where government initiatives encourage more sustainable solutions, or impose strict environmental standards, lightweight construction is chosen for its superior performance in terms of circularity (better planned and optimized consumption of resources, dismantlability, recyclability, re‑usability) and for the reduction in embodied carbon and energy it provides. Lightweight construction also reduces building site waste by using less raw material, or by taking advantage of pre‑assembled frameworks that can be manufactured and assembled more precisely off‑site. In Brumunddal, Norway, the Mjøstårnet tower is one of the tallest wooden buildings in the world (85 meters and 18 floors). It is a model for light construction, designed by Voll Arkitekter. SHARE OF LIGHT CONSTRUCTION Canada 91% USA 89% Sweden 75% England 58% Germany 48% Netherlands 46% Spain 39% France 35% Italy 32% Chile 24% Brazil 24% China 20% India 10% Source: Study Ducker – September 2023
18 SOME LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES USINGWOOD, METAL OR CONCRETE To achieve good thermal performance, lightweight construction materials must include insulation (glass wool, stone wool, wood fiber, etc.) to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures, reduce heating and air‑conditioning requirements and cut energy consumption. In terms of energy, the advantage of wood construction lies in the reduction of heat loss resulting from thermal bridges in the structure. Wood construction is popular in many countries in North America and northern Europe. In these areas, wood is an affordable and readily available resource, and forest management has ensured the sustainability of the solutions used. Another popular lightweight construction technique is Light Gauge Steel Framing (LGSF), which is prefabricated off-site, then easily transported and quickly assembled, saving time and money over the entire project. This offers many environmental advantages. As LGSF is often made from recycled materials, construction projects do not require the production of new steel. And, at the building’s end of life, the same steel can be recycled again, promoting circularity and waste reduction. Concrete also has a role to play in lightweight construction. While it is often disparaged, there are now solutions to make it more compatible with the requirement (1) In the structure and envelope of the building over the entire life cycle of materials. (2) Productivity gain at certain stages of construction (pouring screed, erecting walls or facades, etc.). for decarbonization. The incorporation of materials to replace cement (a major factor in concrete emissions) has resulted in ultra-low-carbon concretes that meet the requirements for sustainable construction. BENEFITS OF LIGHT CONSTRUCTION Up to –50% embodied carbon(1) Up to 50% lighter than conventional construction Up to –50% in raw materials Up to 20 to 70% productivity gain(2) SPoTLIGHT
19 WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION? With its reduced environmental impact combined with increased circularity, modularity and flexibility, lightweight construction is set to make its mark on our cities. It could speed up the race to decarbonize construction and renovation, and make it easier to meet the growing demand for healthy, sustainable housing. The levers for its development depend on the reality in each country, but some common factors emerge. Above all, lightweight construction needs to be better known by all players in the construction sector, and better understood through the acquisition of the right skills. In addition, there are some obstacles to be overcome, with more incentivebased regulations, better cost control and more accessible LCA (Life-cycle assessment) data. LISTEN to episode 8 of our Constructing NewWor(l)ds podcast on Lightweight construction. Deloitte’s office building in Hyderabad, India. Its glazed facade required 76% less installation time than brick exterior walls.
20 Despite centuries of faithful service, concrete now displays an environmental footprint demanding a radical change. But does this mean it should be replaced entirely? Not if innovation can transform it into a more sustainable material. Used for over 2,000 years, concrete is currently the most consumed material in the world after water, according to the Global Cement and Concrete Association. However, its environmental footprint is very high: it accounts for nearly 8% of global CO2 emissions according to the think tank Chatham House. UNRIVALED PROPERTIES Faced with population growth and rapid urbanization, it seems difficult to do without concrete. There are very few other candidates capable of surpassing its strength, especially for large-scale construction, heavy industrial construction, and infrastructure. Many structures built with this material have been standing for at least a century. In this regard, concrete is undeniably durable. Concrete is also highly resistant, both to fire and natural disasters. Another advantage is its high thermal inertia. This thermal mass makes it capable of storing heat or coolness, gradually releasing it and reducing the need for air conditioning in summer. In this sense, it is superior to wood, for example. CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS FOR DECARBONIZATION The main criticism of concrete stems primarily from the environmental footprint of its main ingredient: cement. Preparing concrete requires gravel, sand, cement, and water. Cement, or more precisely one of its components, clinker, is obtained by mixing crushed limestone and clay, which are then heated to very high temperatures. It’s this step that emits CO2 and consumes a considerable amount of energy, ultimately being largely responsible for concrete’s carbon footprint. That’s why research is focusing on reducing clinker usage in concrete. Several options exist. Firstly, by attempting to reduce energy consumption related to the calcination of raw materials, whether through renovating industrial processes or installing more efficient kilns. It’s also possible to operate them using cleaner energy sources, Reinventing CONCRETE SPoTLIGHT
21 sometimes from biomass, partly replacing fossil fuels. Furthermore, several levers exist to reduce concrete’s carbon footprint: adding activators in cement formulation, allowing for a reduction in clinker quantity (with equivalent performance), and admixtures. Through this, companies like Chryso, for example, enable Hoffmann Green to deploy a cement with a carbon footprint divided by five. Alongside efforts to reduce the carbon footprint of concrete, we also need to use less of it. Light construction, by limiting its use to the load-bearing structure and foundations, can significantly reduce concrete consumption in new buildings… WOOD AND BIO-SOURCED MATERIALS…WHY THEY CANONLY BE A COMPLEMENT Should alternatives be sought from wood and bio-sourced materials? Wood, straw, hemp, and raw earth undoubtedly have their place in the mix of materials for more sustainable construction. But given the needs of the construction sector in terms of volume, cost and productivity, can we be sure of the feasibility of a total switchover to these solutions? Indeed, by 2050, an additional 2 billion humans will inhabit the Earth, and construction needs to be fast and not (too) expensive. Forests are fragile carbon sinks. The various uses to which soils are put, notably for human consumption, must also be preserved. Thus, these solutions are undoubtedly complementary, but in any case, cannot completely replace concrete. The future is more likely to lie in mixed use, for example with structures combining wood, concrete or steel. And to coexistence with traditional materials with a high recycled content and a very low carbon footprint. Lightweight construction significantly reduces concrete consumption. LISTEN to episode 11 of our Constructing NewWor(l)ds podcast on Clinkerisation.
22 There are currently two billion air conditioners worldwide, with some 135 million new units being added each year. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that this number will triple by 2050 with the increase in income in emerging countries such as India, China, and Indonesia, combined with the impending rise in temperatures. Half of the appliances will be concentrated in Asia alone. However, the Old Continent will not be left out: by the end of the century, there will be up to 100 days a year above 35 °C in Southern Europe, which will heighten demand. In France alone, the ownership rate could reach 50%. FOR BETTER ORWORSE Air con has its good side. According to the IEA, it saves tens of thousands of lives each year, if only in residential care homes for the elderly or hospitals. In Japan, where 90% of households have access to conditioned air, 30,400 heatrelated deaths were able to be prevented in 2019, compared to just 2,400 in India, where no more than 11% of households are equipped with air conditioning. However, air conditioning aggravates heatwave phenomena. To pump cold air inside, the same amount of hot air has to be emitted to the outside, which contributes to heating the ambient air and further increasing the need to cool living spaces. A truly vicious circle that encourages the appearance of heat islands in the urban environment (+1 °C at night in the city center) and, according to the IEA, is responsible for the emission of around one billion metric tons of CO2 per year, out of a total of 37 billion. Not to mention the associated release of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant Air conditioning is at the heart of a global controversy, which is showing no signs of easing. Accused by some of aggravating global warming, it provides others with welcome – even vital – comfort. In the face of such antagonism and in a context of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, solutions are to be found in less energy-intensive equipment, better use of conditioned air, innovative technologies, and improved adaptation of our accommodation and living environments. IS A WORLD WITHOUT AIR CON possible? LISTEN to episode 12 of our Constructing NewWor(l)ds podcast on Urban heat islands SPoTLIGHT
23 gases, whose greenhouse effect is 14,000 times more powerful than carbon. In terms of energy, air conditioning’s projected development is also a source of concern. If India or China were to reach a 50% ownership rate, the annual production of a country like Norway would be required to provide the necessary electricity. Quite apart from any consumption peaks during warmer months, which are difficult to manage for electricity producers and lead to power cuts. PASSIVE HABITATS, A REAL ASSET IN THE FIGHT AGAINST AIR CON Passive buildings, with up to 80% lower energy consumption, are an effective alternative to the systematic installation of air-conditioning units. Reinforced thermal insulation, airtightness, balanced ventilation, orientation according to the cardinal points and winds, revegetation of the surrounding areas, installation of double or triple glazing with solar control, fitting of blinds or shutters, etc. All these options naturally reduce the indoor temperature. In Gaobeidian, 100 km south of Beijing, China is building the largest complex of passive houses in the world: Train Passive House City. Materials play a leading role in passive houses. So-called “phase-change” materials used for the construction of “thermal walls” are offering new prospects. These paraffin substances have a melting point that can be adjusted, for example to 20 °C. As soon as the ambient temperature exceeds this level, the materials “melt”, absorbing heat. When the temperature drops, particularly at night, they resolidify and release the latent heat. Meanwhile, a green or reflective white roof protects 1 bn metric tons of CO2 is emitted each year by conditioned air, out of a total of 37 billion, according to the International Energy Agency Train Passive House City, the largest complex of passive houses in the world, is under construction in Gaobeidian (China), 100 km south of Beijing.
24 housing, limiting the temperature rise indoors and cooling it in summer. When it comes to this principle of maintaining moderate temperatures, certain age-old architectural practices are also proving extremely pertinent, such as the construction of wind towers (natural ventilation system inspired by the Middle East), cross ventilation (creation of smart air flows), using terracotta with excellent thermal performance, etc. TOWARDMORE VIRTUOUS AIR CONDITIONING In parallel, innovation in terms of air conditioners themselves is continuing to make them greener. Many start-ups are working on more energy-efficient equipment whose temperature cannot go below 24 °C. Others are coming up with alternative cooling systems. Already tried and tested in Austria and Switzerland, the 22‑26 concept (with an indoor temperature oscillating between In New Delhi (India), air conditioners cover the façades of buildings, yet fewer than 11% of Indian households have air conditioning. x 3 The IEA predicts that the number of air conditioners worldwide will triple by 2050 with the increase in income in emerging countries. SPoTLIGHT
actions on an international scale are being taken without consultation, hence the need for genuine political will, strengthened legislation, and better regulation of practices. The few existing thermal regulations could one day serve as a helpful basis for a long‑awaited global standard. While a world without air conditioners may be a utopian dream, solutions exist to stem their pernicious effects in the more or less short term. Manufacturing more energy-efficient air conditioners, adapting our buildings and environments to make them less vulnerable to heat, changing our lifestyles, developing innovative technologies, etc., with – in our sights – the challenge of a proactive policy to regulate their use on a global scale. these two markers) from the firm Baumschlager Eberle Architekten (BEA) does not require a heating, ventilation, or cooling system. A first building with 24 housing units using this method will be inaugurated in Lyon (France) in 2025 in the Confluence neighborhood. For its part, “free cooling” cools down a building by using the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air or very cold water, harnessing shutters and ventilation. Seawater heating is a variant of this system, in which water is used to cool buildings. LAWS GOVERNING PRACTICES In fact, countries are not standing idly by in the light of the surge in air conditioning units and their consequences. In France, the government recommends setting the air conditioning no lower than 26 °C. In Italy, a law from 2022 forbids lowering thermostats below 25 °C in all areas. In parallel, renewable energies are encouraged in order to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions linked to the electricity consumed by air conditioners. Nonetheless, all the A building using an alternative cooling system will be inaugurated in Lyon (France) in 2025. Up to 80% of the energy needed for heating or cooling can be saved by insulating. Here, an interior insulation project. ©Isover
26 INSpIRING PRoJECTS
27 THE PLUS, MAGNOR (NORWAY) The plant belonging to Vestre, a Norwegian urban furniture manufacturer, was the first in the category of sustainable industrial sites to achieve the BREEAM standard’s “Exceptional” level, which corresponds to the highest environmental certification. The glass façades have been designed to ensure maximum transparency and 60% less energy consumption than conventional factories. Their surface area exceeds 2,000 m2. The Plus is also fitted with 900 photovoltaic panels (250,000 kWh/year), 17 geothermal wells, and heat pumps integrated into the walls to absorb excess heat from the machines required to manufacture the products. MAGNOR DISCOVER all the project photos in our online magazine Constructing a sustainable future
28 INSpIRING PRoJECTS
29 HARVARD UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING COMPLEX, BOSTON (UNITED STATES) The Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) was designed to become the “most sustainable building on the Harvard campus.” Its building, extending over more than 30,000 m2, has received LEED Platinum and Living Building Challenge (LBC) certifications. The fin-covered façade protects the interior from overexposure to the sun in summer, while letting the sun’s beneficial rays enter in winter. Heating and cooling expenses are thus reduced. By concentrating the technical infrastructure (heating/air conditioning, fluids, energy) at the center of the building, unlike conventional constructions that place it on the periphery, the architects wanted to give priority to natural light through large glass atriums combined with internal glazed partitions. A high-performance heat recovery system housed in the roof’s mechanical enclosure captures more than 90% of heat loss. BOSTON DISCOVER all the project photos in our online magazine Constructing a sustainable future
30 INSpIRING PRoJECTS
31 OSTRO PASSIVHAUS, KIPPEN (UNITED KINGDOM) This passive house built in Kippen near Stirling in Scotland is exemplary for its low energy consumption thanks to an original construction method known as a “box within a box.” The building’s inner box contains all the wet services (water and fluids), connections, and air flows. The rooms are designed as spaces between the inner and outer boxes. The outer box is a rain screen of timber cladding with triple-glazing openings that are vertically oriented and perforated along a north-south axis. The weathered wood cladding reflects the forest the house faces. KIPPEN DISCOVER all the project photos in our online magazine Constructing a sustainable future
32 AI, BIM, digital twin, IoT… Digital technologies have penetrated the construction sector to drive new ways of designing buildings and controlling their environmental impact. How? By making them smarter! AI FOR BUILDINGSWITH OPTIMIZED CONSUMPTION Already implemented in the construction sector, for example to simulate real estate projects or monitor construction work in real time, artificial intelligence (AI) systems are now integrating buildings to encourage a reduction in their carbon emissions. Thanks to smart meters and sensors, AI relies on precise and detailed data on how the building is used in order to suggest optimizations. Moreover, turning to AI helps anticipate energy needs according to past consumption models, weather conditions, and other factors in order to optimize energy production and distribution. A system of this kind was put in place in 2020 in two high schools in Bergneustadt near Cologne (Germany), by Vinci Facilities Solutions and Dabbel, a company specializing in self‑sufficient building management. 20% to 30% savings on energy costs have been noted. BIM TOMODEL ENERGY EFFICIENCY Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a construction project management methodology based on a 3D digital model with structured data. It promotes collaboration and optimizes the analysis, simulation, and control of various aspects such as the project’s design, construction, logistics, and environmental footprint. Widely adopted in the United States, BIM is mandatory in certain countries such as Chile, South Korea, and Denmark, and is growing in Europe, especially France. It may evolve toward RIM (Resource Information Modeling), which ensures the 20% to 30% energy savings thanks to AI in two high schools in Bergneustadt near Cologne (Germany). When Tech meets the CLIMATE CHALLENGE SPoTLIGHT
33 traceability of materials, calculation of their carbon impact, and planning of their deconstruction and recycling. In recent years, BIM has been used in the construction of major infrastructure such as Istanbul airport (Turkey), one of the largest in the world and Baku National Stadium (Azerbaijan), entirely designed using BIM to be as energyefficient as possible. DIGITAL TWINS FOR REAL-TIME PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION Digital twins are virtual models of objects designed to accurately reflect a physical object, such as machines or buildings, created using precise and continually updated data. Fed by Internet of Things (IoT) sensors installed on equipment, they collect direct information from their use. Integrated into the BIM process, they offer a virtual representation, a real “living” parallel version of the project in real time throughout its life cycle. Sustainable construction players use them, among other things, to optimize resources, monitor energy efficiency, predict maintenance needs, and reduce GHG emissions. Ranked at the top of IMD’s(2) Smart City Index in 2020 and 2021, the city-state of Singapore has created its “Virtual Singapore” digital twin in collaboration with the French software company Dassault Systèmes, to obtain real-time information about temperature, humidity, sunshine, traffic, or noise levels, that is useful for optimizing the city’s functioning. (1) Barometer on the use of digital technology and BIM by construction professionals. (2) The International Institute for Management Development is a management school based in Lausanne (Switzerland) and Singapore. 48% of construction industry players consider BIM to be a strategic priority(1) Inaugurated in 2018, Istanbul Airport (Turkey) used digital technologies in its design and construction, to limit its environmental impact. DISCOVER the full article in our online magazine Constructing a sustainable future
In Europe, almost 75% of existing buildings are energy inefficient and require large-scale renovation(1). On the European continent, and indeed in every geographical zone with highly developed building stock, the challenge is considerable. How best to create momentum in this market and in energy renovation projects? It will be a question of organization and collective planning, to which the sector must respond. Taking up the challenge
35 (1) Figure obtained from the Council of the European Union website, February 2024. PART
36 The energy renovation of buildings is THE 21st-century undertaking that will make it possible to achieve the goal of zero net carbon emissions. A key issue at stake in the EU’s Green Deal for 2050, it is a major lever in this initiative, delivering concrete solutions to the challenges of the climate emergency, accelerating innovative solutions, reducing energy consumption, and eradicating insecurity. A CLIMATE PRIORITY The opportunities for energy renovation in the European Union are as vast as the territory of its 27 Member States. At present, more than 97% of the buildings inventoried must be modernized to meet energy‑efficiency criteria. According to the European Parliament, they account for 40% of the EU’s final energy consumption, 36% of its CO2 emissions, and 55% of its electricity consumption. The stakes are enormous. So much so that in 2020 the European Commission defined its “renovation wave strategy”, with a view to doubling the annual renovation rate by 2030. As well as reducing emissions, these renovations will improve the quality of life of those living in and using the buildings and are set to create many additional green jobs in the construction sector. NO TODEMOLITION, YES TO RENOVATION To launch the sustainable mass roll‑out of energy renovation in Europe, several avenues are being explored to launch a massive and sustainable energy renovation program in Europe… On the European continent, support and incentive policies by the European Union and its Member States have accelerated significantly in recent years. Alongside the regulatory aspect, initiatives are being taken to finance renovation, including the additional effort made by the Union as part of What is the purpose of eNERGY RENOVATION? SPoTLIGHT
37 Avoiding the need to demolish in order to rebuild: this is the aim of a massive and sustainable energy renovation program in Europe. 40% of the European Union’s energy consumption comes from buildings that don’t meet energy efficiency criteria(1) (1) Source: European Parliament statistics.
38 its NGEU (Next Generation EU)(1) program to help certain member states make environmentally-friendly investments. Elsewhere in the world, renovation is a must. In the United States, the State of New York thus implemented its ambitious Climate Mobilization Act in 2019 – 50,000 large‑sized buildings to be renovated, an €18 billion market by 2030, and the creation of 141,000 local jobs, becoming the sixth American state to adopt a “zero carbon” goal, after Hawaii, California, New Mexico, Nevada, and Washington. REDUCINGOPERATIONAL EMISSIONS Successfully achieving these goals relies on the trio of energy efficiency, conservation, and decarbonization. To this end, insulation (indoor and outdoor) is an essential starting point, primarily concerning a building’s envelope and glass surfaces. This is followed by installing a controlled ventilation system and high‑performance heating and air conditioning equipment. All these measures sustainably reduce the cost for occupants while providing comfort, summer and winter alike. The results can already be seen, with energy consumption reduced 5.5‑fold and CO2 emissions down 12‑fold on average. (1) European Commission economic recovery program to help EU member states recover from the Covid‑19 pandemic. A question of public health In Toronto, for example, a study of the impact of exposure to fine particles demonstrated that making residential buildings (ventilation, etc.) compliant with the Building Code would allow savings of up to $2.3 billion/year in healthcare costs(2). In France, the Ministry of Ecological Transition(3) calculates the health and social gain generated by renovating just one of the 1.3 million housing units considered to be the country’s worst “heat-leakers” at €7,500/year on average. Is there still a need to stress the health and economic benefits of building energy renovation? While the issues at stake and solutions are now known, action remains to be taken on a wider scale. (2) Impact of residential building regulations on reducing indoor exposures to outdoor PM2.5 in Toronto – Zuraimi, M.S. and Tan, Z, 2015. (3) Study “Renovating homes for energy efficiency: significant health benefits”, Ministry of Ecological Transition, March 2022. SPoTLIGHT
39 DISCOVER the full article in our online magazine Constructing a sustainable future
40 INSpIRING PROJECTS
41 HOUSE OF MUSIC, BUDAPEST (HUNGARY) Inaugurated in 2022 in Budapest, Hungary, the House of Music is an ambitious urban renewal project that gives a new face to the Hungarian capital. The Japanese architect Sou Fujimoto envisioned it as “a sound wave suspended at the treetops”. The building and the landscape intertwine in perfect osmosis, despite the 9,000 m2 of this exemplary building in terms of energy transition, using geothermal energy and sustainable materials. The boundaries between interior and exterior are blurred thanks to huge solar-controlled thermal glass panels, which form a true translucent curtain. BUDAPEST DISCOVER all the project photos in our online magazine Constructing a sustainable future
42 INSpIRING PRoJECTS
43 QUAY QUARTER TOWER, SYDNEY (AUSTRALIA) Quay Quarter Tower in Sydney’s business district (Australia), built in 1976, epitomizes the possibility of recycling a high-rise tower (206 m) using innovative solutions. Rather than demolishing the 45‑floor building, the project drew on a host of innovations, keeping 98% of the original structure and adding nine extra floors. The unique design of Quay Quarter Tower’s facade with high-performance glazing and sunshades improves occupants’ thermal comfort at the same time as reducing energy consumption for air conditioning. SYDNEY DISCOVER all the project photos in our online magazine Constructing a sustainable future
44 INSpIRING PRoJECTS
45 CITIC SQUARE, SHANGHAI (CHINA) Citic Square shopping mall in Shanghai’s Luwan district (China), built in the 1990s, had aged over the years and become less attractive, leading to the implementation of a renovation project completed in 2017. This multi-faceted initiative included the complete refurbishment of the building’s exterior, with the creation of a new facade made of high-performance glass and stainless steel. The restoration of Citic Square’s interior spaces paid particular attention to creating an airier, more luminous environment with LED lighting for energy conservation and an airflow functioning as a large-scale heat pump. DISCOVER all the project photos in our online magazine Constructing a sustainable future SHANGHAI
In 50 years, worldwide consumption of natural resources has tripled. And it continues to grow by, on average, 2.3% a year(1). The construction sector is responsible for 50% of this consumption and must accelerate its transition to a circular economy across the entire value chain, from raw materials management to buildings’ end of life. Resource preservation: a shared necessity
47 (1) United Nations Global Resources Outlook, 2024. PART
48 In light of the exhaustion of certain natural resources and the limited utilization of others, the building sector has to make a change in its procurement practices, prioritizing renewable materials or those from recycling streams. What are these resources? In what quantity and how are they utilized worldwide? From the raw to the final MATERIAL DATAVIZ opérer une mutation dans son approvisio giant les matériaux renouvelables ou issus clage. Quelles sont ces ressources ? En que ment sont-elles exploitées dans le monde ARGIL Produc Argiles argiles 25 Mt/ Utilisa L’argile confect d’agrég rables. produc béton, isolatio BOIS Production : 4 Gm3/an (résineux, feuillus et bois tropicaux). Utilisation : La moitié sert à la production d’énergie (80 % dans les pays émergents), l’autre moitié en bois d’œuvre (emballage construction, menuiserie) et en bois d’industrie (panneaux, ameublement, pâte à papier). GYPSE Produc en 2022 Utilisa Le gyps du plât et endu spécifiq un gyps désulfo le mon furatio combus Après t est reco FER Production : 1,6 Gt, de minerai. 1,885 Gt d’acier (en 2022). Utilisation : Le fer et l’acier sont principalement utilisés en construction et pour les infrastructures (52 %), suivis Silice industrielle : Production : 380 Mt/an dans le monde (en 2022). Utilisation : 15 % pour la fabrication du verre (qui en est composé à plus de 65 %), environ 5 % pour la fonderie, 3 % pour la charge minérale (peintures, plastiques, résines…), 3 % pour les produits de construction. Aux États-Unis, plus de la moitié de la silice industrielle est utilisée pour la fracturation hydraulique et le bétonnage des puits d’extraction d’hydrocarbures. Elle sert également à la production de silicium métallurgique (3,5 Mt/an) pour l’électrométallurgie (composants électroniques et photovoltaïques) et à la production de silice synthétique, dont la fumée de silice (1,8 Mt/an dans le monde) qui est injectée dans les bétons haute performance. SILICE NATURELLE Même si la silice naturelle forme 28 % de l’écorce terrestre, c’est un matériau critique. Il compose trois des plus importantes matières premières : le sable, la silice industrielle et la diatomite. Le sab Produc dont 6 et mari Utilisa la cons dont 2/ reste p rembla Diatom Produc en 2022 Utilisa tion (50 ciment minéra les isola absorb Wood Production: 4 Gm 3/year (resinous trees, deciduous trees, and tropical timber). Use: half serves to produce energy (80% in emerging countries), the ther half is used as lumber (packing, construction, carpentry) and industrial wood (panels, furnishings, and papermaking pulp). ARGILES Production : Argiles spéciales* 17 Mt/an, argiles kaoliniques 25 Mt/an. Utilisation : L’argile entre (crue) dans la confection de bétons ou d’agrégats isolants durables. Elle sert (cuite) à la production de céramique, bé on, briques, peintures, isolation, fi de verre. BOIS Production : 4 Gm3/an (résineux, feuillus et bois tropicaux). Utilisation : La moitié sert à la production d’énergie (80 % dans les pays émergents), l’autre moitié en bois d’œuvre (emballage construction, menuiserie) et en bois d’industrie (panneaux, ameublement, pâte à papier). GYPSE Pr duction : 150 Mt/an, en 2022 Utilisation : Le gypse sert à la confection du plâtre : plaques de plâtre et enduits (40 %), bétons spécifiques (57 %). Il existe un gypse synthétique, le désulfogypse (139 Mt dans le monde) obtenu par désulfuration des fumées de combustion du charbon. Après traitement, ce gypse est reconditionné en plâtre. FER Production : 1,6 Gt, de minerai. 1,885 Gt d’acier (en 2022). Utilisation : Le fer et l’acier sont principalement utilisés en construction et pour les infrastructures (52 %), suivis par les équipements mécaSilice industrielle : Production : 380 Mt/an dans le monde (en 2022). Utilisation : 15 % pour la fabrication du verre (qui en est composé à plus de 65 %), environ 5 % pour la fonderie, 3 % pour la charge minérale (peintures, plastiques, résines…), 3 % pour les produits de construction. Aux États-Unis, plus de la moitié de la silice industrielle est utilisée pour la fracturation hydraulique et le bétonnage des puits d’extraction d’hydrocarbures. Elle sert également à la production de silicium métallurgique (3,5 Mt/an) pour l’électrométallurgie (composants électroniques et photovoltaïques) et à la production de silice synthétique, dont la fumée de silice (1,8 Mt/an dans le monde) qui est injectée dans les bétons haute performance. SILICE NATURELLE Même si la silice naturelle forme 28 % de l’écorce terrestre, c’est un matériau critique. Il compose trois des plus importantes matières premières : le sable, la silice industrielle et la diatomite. Le sable : Product on : 50 Gt/an, dont 6 Gt/an de sable côtier e marin. Utilisation : 3,5 Gt/an pour la construction (en 2020), dont 2/3 pour le béton, le reste pour les routes et le remblayage. Diatomite : Production : 2,5 Mt/an, en 2022 Utilisation : Pour la filtration (50 %), la confection de ciment (30 %), la charge minérale (peintures, 15 %), les isolants, abrasifs, absorbant (5 %). Gypsum Production: 150 Mt/year, in 2022 Use: gypsum serves o make plaster: gypsum board and primers (40%), specialty concretes (57%). There is a synthetic gypsum, desulfogypsum (139 Mt worldwide) obtained by the d s lfu ization of flue gas from b rning coal. After processing, this gypsum is reconditioned into plaster. Production : Argiles spéciales* 17 Mt/an, argiles kaoliniques 25 Mt/an. Utilisation : L’argile entre (crue) dans la confection de bétons ou d’ grégats isolants durables. Elle sert (cuite) à la produc ion de céramique, béton, briques, peintures, isolation, fibre de verre. Production : 4 Gm3/an (résineux, feuillus et bois tropicaux). Utilisation : La moitié sert à la production d’énergie (80 % dans les pays émergents), l’autre moitié en bois d’œuvre (emballage construction, menuiserie) et en bo s d’industrie (panneaux, ameublement, pâte à papier). GYPSE Production : 150 Mt/an, en 2022 Utilisation : Le gypse sert à la confection du plâtre : plaques de plâtre et enduits (40 %), bétons spécifiques (57 %). Il exist un gypse synthétique, l désulfogypse (139 Mt dans le monde) obtenu par désulfuration des fumées de combustion du charbon. Après traitement, ce gypse est reconditionné en plâtre. FER Production : 1,6 Gt, de minerai. 1,885 Gt d’acier (en 2022). Utilisation : Le fer et l’acier sont principalement utilisés en construction et pour les infrastructures (52 %), suivis par les équipements mécaniques (16 %), l’automobile (12 %) et les objets métalliques (10 %). Dans l’UE, 37 % du fer est utilisé pour la construction. Dans le monde, 50 % de l’acier est destiné au secteur du bâtiment et aux infrastructures de transport. ALLUMINIUM Production : 69 Mt/an d’aluminium primaire (e 2022), 37 Mt/an d’aluminium recyclé ou secondaire (en 2021). Utilisation : Du fait de son usage croissant dans les technologies bas carbone, l’aluminium est utilisé dans la construction (25 %), les transports (23 %), l’électricité (12 %), les équipements (11 %), en feuille (9 %) ou dans les emballages (8 %). FIBRES VÉGÉTALES Production : 128 Mt/an de bambou (estimation), 26 Mt/an de chanvre, lin et coton. Utilisation : Le bambou est employé à 32 % pour la construction et 33 % pour l’ameublement. Le chanvre (245 000 t en 2021) sert comme adjuvant ou comme matériau de couverture. Le FIBRES ANIMALES Production : 1,8 Mt/an en Silice industrielle : Production : 380 Mt/an dans le monde (en 2022). Utilisation : 15 % pour la fabrication du verre (qui en est composé à plus de 65 %), environ 5 % pour la fonderie, 3 % pour la charge minérale (peintures, plastiques, résines…), 3 % pour les produits de construction. Aux États-Unis, plus de la moitié de la silice industrielle est utilisée pour la fracturation hydraulique et le bétonnage des puits d’extraction d’hydrocarbures. Elle sert également à la production de silicium métallurgique (3,5 Mt/an) pour l’électrométallurgie (composants électroniques et photovoltaïques) et à la production de silice synthétique, dont la fumée de silice (1,8 Mt/an dans le monde) qui est injectée dans les bétons haute performance. SILICE NATURELLE Même si la silice naturelle forme 28 % de l’écorce terrestre, c’est un matériau critique. Il compose trois des plus importantes matières premières : le sable, la silice industrielle et la diatomite. Le sable : Production : 50 Gt/an, dont 6 Gt/an de sable côtier et marin. Utilisation : 3,5 Gt/an pour la construction (en 2020), dont 2/3 pour le béton, le reste pour les routes et le remblayage. Diatomite : Production : 2,5 Mt/an, en 2022 Utilisation : Pour la filtration (50 %), la confection de ciment (30 %), la charg minérale (peintures, 15 %), les isolants, abrasifs, absorbants (5 %). Aluminum Production: 69 Mt/year of primary aluminum (2022) 37 Mt/year of recycled or se ondary aluminum (2021). Use: due to its growing use in low‑carbon technologies, aluminum is used in construction (25%), transport (23%), electricity (12%), equipment (11%), sheets (9%), and packaging (8%). DE LA MATIÈRE PREMIÈRE AU MATÉRIAU CLIMAT DATAS Face à l’épuisement de certaines ressources naturell s et leur exploitation limitée pour d’autres, le secteur du bâtiment doit opérer une mutation dans son approvisionnement, en privilégiant les matériaux renouvelables ou issus des filières de recyclage. Quelles sont ces ressources ? En quelle quantité et comment sont-elles exploitées dans le monde ? 3min 01/06/2023 ARGILES Production : Argiles spéciales* 17 Mt/an, argiles kaoliniques 25 Mt/an. Utilisation : L’argile entre (crue) dans la confection de bétons ou d’agrégats isolants durables. Elle sert (cuite) à l production de céramique, béton, briques, peintures, isolation, fibre de verre. BOIS Production : 4 Gm3/an (résineux, feuillus et bois tropicaux). Utilisation : La mo tié sert à la producion d’énergie (80 % dans les pays émergents), l’autre moitié en bois d’œuvre (emb llage construction, menuiserie) et en bois d’industrie (panneaux, ameublement, pâte à papier). Silice industrielle : Production : 380 Mt/an dans le monde (en 2022). Utilisation : 15 % pour la fabrication du verre (qui en est composé à plus de 65 %), environ 5 % pour la fonderie, 3 % pour la charge minérale (peintures, plastiques, résines…), 3 % pour les produits de construction. Aux États-Unis, plus de la moitié de la silice industrielle est utilisée pour la fracturation hydraulique et le bétonnage des puits d’extraction d’hydrocarbures. Elle sert également à la proSILICE NATURELLE Même si la silice natur ll forme 28 % l’écorce terrestre, c’est un matériau critique. Il co pose trois des plus importantes matières premières : l sable, la silice industrielle et la diatomite. Le sable : Production : 50 Gt/an, dont 6 Gt/an de sable côtier et marin. Utilisation : 3,5 Gt/an pour la construction (en 2020), dont 2/3 pour le béton, le reste pour les routes et le remblayage. Diatomite : Production : 2,5 Mt/an, en 2022 Utilisation : Pour la filtration (50 %), la confection de ciment (30 %), la charge minérale (peintures, 15 %), les isolants, abrasifs, absorbants (5 %). Clays Production: S ecialty clays 17 Mt/year, china clays 25 Mt/year. Use: clay is used (raw) to manufacture sustainable insulating aggregates or concretes. It serves (once fired) to produce ceramics, concrete, bricks, paints, insulation, fiber gla s.
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